Indoor palms trees are often prone to potassium deficiency, signaled when the oldest leaves begin to die back, beginning with the tips. Before planting, make sure the soil is moist and the plant is hydrated. Native to southern Asia, the tree performs well in tropical gardens located in USDA zones 9-11. The plant prefers somewhat dry, sandy soil, though it can grow in a well-draining clay. Planting a Palm Tree in clay soil can be very challenging. Its fern-like, silvery-gray foliage and clusters of golden-yellow blooms are especially attractive to butterflies . But it does not tolerate salty soil. The other species include: Only prune sago palm when the leaves have turned completely brown. Photo by and (c)2008 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man), Chanticleer Garden. The mangrove fan palm is a small, multi-trunked palm that thrives in wet soil. She also cautions to handle the tree by the root ball, not the trunk. You also can place the plant container on a tray filled with water and pebbles, as long as the bottom of the pot isnt touching the water. Steps for planting a sago palm in a pot. Place the seeds in a warm location between 70F and 100F. Indoor parlor palms are hardy and can live up to a few decades. Palm trees sway in the breeze, evoking the trade winds blowing across the beach of an exotic Pacific island. One of the hardiest palm trees available, the windmill palm can withstand temperatures as low as 5F (-15C)! You can apply manganese sulfate powder to the soil two to three times annually to correct the problem. The plant tolerates a range of soils as long as it has good drainage. Tolerant of drought and heat, yarrow is excellent for fresh cut and dried flowers. Northern growers often choose the non-native dawn redwood for the landscape, but the native bald cypress is a much better choice. Select the right trees to grow in areas with poor drainage or standing water. The average lifespan for a weeping willow is only 30 years, so plan to replace the tree after this timespan! While the bare branches may deter some gardeners from wanting this tree in their yard, the brilliant red fall display makes up for the seasonal nature of the foliage. 5. As these trees do produce fruit, it is not wise to plant them where dropping coconuts would not be welcomed. Among the palms that tolerate wet soil are the Everglades palm (Acoelorrhaphe wrightii), also known as the silver saw palm, which grows in USDA zones 9b through 11, and carnauba wax palm. Yellowing is common in older, outer leaves and can be attributed to the life cycle of that leaf. The plant likes medium moisture and good drainage, but it can tolerate some drought. River birch loves wet locations and is highly ornamental. In cooler climates, they're often grown as houseplants. Below is a walkthrough of the planting process from This Old House. These include the Needle Palm, Windmill Palm, and Dwarf Palmetto. A good rule of thumb, if you want healthy palms, is to make sure you feed them frequentlywhether you're growing them indoors or outdoors. Autumn joy sedum is reliable and easy to grow. Prairie blazing star has the Liatris habit of starting to bloom at the top of its bottle-brush flowers and slowly working its way down. Famartin, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Sitting water can cause root rot. This content is accurate and true to the best of the authors knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. However, there are also desert varieties that will drown from too much water and still other varieties that cannot thrive without fertilizer. Only repot a palm when it is completely pot bound. Initially, unless you get significant rain, water your Palm two times a week. When you look at a Palm Tree, the sales information should include its USDA Hardiness Zone. Coneflowers are tough, dependable prairie plants. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Water Like many palms, parlor palms are sensitive to overwatering and cannot tolerate being waterlogged or sitting in a saturated potting mix. The ideal situation is to have the entire planting area uniformly rich in organic material and well-drained with slightly acidic soil. If your potting media breaks down and becomes mucky or sponge-like, then repot to prevent root rot. It should take a couple of months for rooting to occur. It's wet and dense, and it can bake as solid as a brick in the sun. Marie Iannotti is a life-long gardener and a veteran Master Gardener with nearly three decades of experience. There are ways of adjusting your soils pH, but you will need to monitor the soil regularly for changes. Sago palms have some drought tolerance, but they prefer a moderate amount of moisture in the soil. Tricolor willow is a beautiful shrub that produces a spectacular display of white, pink, and green leaves in the spring. Yarrow. With a mature height of 3050 and a medium growth rate (12 feet per year), this tree fits well into most landscapes and makes a perfect specimen tree in the yard. In colder climates, the tree will lose its leaves. The reason for this is that clay soil does not drain well without significant amendment. While this small tree is . In general, remove only fully browned leaves and never cut your palm down to just one or two new fronds. Allow the seeds to germinate over one to three months. There are hundreds and hundreds of different palm trees out there, with some better suited to an indoor environment than others. Texas is a huge state, with some zones more ideal for growing palms than others. Parlor palm is known as a slow grower and takes years to reach a mature height. It is tempting to think of palm trees as purely tropical plantsgive them plenty of sunlight and water and they will be just fine. homeredwardprice on Flickr, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. If you live in 9B or 9a you already cant grow 90-95% of palm species, letting your soil be continually wet will substantially cut down what is left for you to grow. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. For a less messy option, choose the black tupelo as an alternative. It supports healthy root development. In heavier clay soils, the rate of potassium leaching is reduced. Keep the soil moist as you wait for the seedling to emerge. The sweetbay magnolia will withstand periodic flooding but should not be planted where standing water never recedes. It will spread by underground rhizomes, but usually, it is not invasive. Place the container in a warm, humid location while you wait for it to sproutdepending on the varietal, it can take two months or more for the seed to sprout. Magnesium Deficiency If you notice yellowing around the edges of the older leaves but the newer leaves are still bright green, it likely that your palm tree is deficient in magnesium (source). Jubaea chilensis (Chilean wine palm): Hardy to about -14C (7F), but it will not tolerate cold, windy situations. Areas like Zone 9a experience winters where temperatures drop below 20 degrees, while places like Southeast Texas have plenty of clay soil that retains water. He is a professional writer whose articles on plants and horticulture have appeared in national and regional newspapers and magazines. Switch grasses are tall, upright, clump-forming grasses with feathery flowers that appear late in the season. Deficiencies in clay soils may be more due to insufficient potassium fertilizer applied. She is a Master Gardener and lead gardener in a Plant-A-Row, which is a program that offers thousands of pounds of organically-grown vegetables to local food banks. Nonetheless, they can flourish in 9b zones, just keep them sheltered during the cold winter months. A deficiency may also present as dying tips on the leaves (source). Debra is a member of The Spruce Gardening andPlant Care Review Board. Protect your palm from cold winter winds using a windbreak. She cites planting the tree too deeply as the leading cause of unsuccessful new tree plantings. These supports improve root anchoring. Silphium plants are distinctive prairie plants that like the rich quality of clay soil. Sago palms appreciate a warm and bright environment, though harsh sunlight can damage the foliage. The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers to this website may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Be careful not to let the mixture break down and become spongy. Barry haynes, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. In general, it's best for home growers to buy a new plant rather than attempt propagation. Choose a full sun to partial shade location for your tree. Asters are late flowering perennials that take your garden through to frost. Water new palm twice a week until the first 18 inches of soil . Broschat, Timothy K. Palm Nutrition and Fertilization. If storms are a big issue in your area, add metal bands or another type of tie vertically around the wooden anchors. Sandy loam will give the extra sandy content for good drainage. If you take good care of your palm, there is a possibility that fronds could be brushing against your ceiling after a few years. It is also suitable for heavier clay soils. Bright, indirect sunlight is best. It will thrive with average humidity. Unfortunately, you can never top-trim a palm tree, as all palms grow from a central tip. It's best to fertilize right before a rain shower, which helps distribute the plant food. The parlor palm prefers room temperatures between 65 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. This soil type leaves little room for air and water movement for plants. Windmill palms can grow in USDA zone 7, withstanding some snow and frost. Some of the best perennials for clay soil include daylily flowers, asters, coneflowers, and bee balm. The crab apple or 'Malus' is one of the best trees to grow in clay soils as it offers interest throughout the year - and is also a great pollinator. You will need a hand trowel, knife, or scissors; a container; and well-draining soil suitable for palm trees. They can briefly tolerate cold temperatures, but frost can damage the foliage, and temperatures below 23 degrees Fahrenheit will likely kill the plant. The branches grow in a sparse conical shape, with light green leaves that turn bright red or orange in fall for a showy display. Coconut palms are tolerant of salt, wind, and high water levels. This type of Silphium is extremely popular with birds and butterflies. The soil should never completely dry out, but dont soak it. These plants are almost always propagated from seed by professional growers. If you're someone who tends to forget to water your plants, mix somepeat mossorvermiculiteinto the general-purpose potting soil to help retain moisture. Most hydrangeas prefer loamy, humus-rich, well-draining soil. He is a professional writer whose articles on plants and horticulture have appeared in national and regional newspapers and magazines. Peter Krumhardt. Only repot or transplant new pups inground if they have formed extensive root systems. Turbah (Arabic: ) or muhr (Farsi: ) is a piece of stone or molded clay which Shi'a put their forehead on when prostrating in the prayer. To prepare the seeds, soak them in room temperature water to soften them and remove the outer husk. You can also choose to plant your palm in a vessel made from terracotta or clay to help wick excess moisture from the soil. Barbara Gillette is a master gardener, herbalist, beekeeper, and journalist. Improving your yard's drainage can help your trees flourish. Big bluestem is a warm-season grass that loves arid growing conditions. (Full sun plants are listed first.). You can also drape a blanket over the base of the Palm for heat retention. Potassium deficiency is especially common in palms and can result in yellowing or brownish fronds. First and foremost, coconuts prefer soil that is well-draining and rich in organic matter. He knows exactly what the challenges are to nurturing a thriving yard in difficult soil.Paul takes a practical approach to yard improvement and enjoys putting best practices and golden rules of lawn care to the test. Diane Bulanowski, a representative from the company, was kind enough to offer helpful insight into a successful palm tree planting for homeowners with clay soil. Unlike corporate website companies who write articles from an office overlooking a major city, the authors on this website live in small towns and regularly use many of the tips and recommendations provided in their own garden and lawn care. Willows, cottonwood, aspen, red maple, swamp white oak, and birches are also commonly found in marshes. Everglades palms are clumping palms, sprouting new stems from the root system. The two most important facts associated with soil quality are that; soils have both inherent (example: soil texture, soil depth, clay type, CEC, drainage class . Palms often have shallow root systems and do not appreciate being disturbed frequently. Although perennial sunflowers are not as large and showy as annual sunflowers, they still make a brilliant display in the garden. The areca palm plant is a clumping palm that grows well outdoors in clay pots surrounded by summer flowers. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The blooms also can last for days as cut flowers. They cannot be propagated by stem cutting or leaf cutting. In fertile, moist conditions, it experiences lots of growth; in less fertile, dry soil, it is less likely to flop. She has over 30 years of experience in gardening and sustainable farming. Clay soil is one of the most challenging soil conditions a gardener can face. Ideally, keep moisture at an even level. She's also an author of three gardening books, a plant photographer, public speaker, and a former Cornell Cooperative Extension Horticulture Educator. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. However, young palm trees need thorough, regular waterings to mature into healthy plants. Read our, New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), 31 Best-Deer Resistant Flowers and Plants to Grow, 35 Types of Orange Flowers: Identification & Photos, 10 Best Deer-Resistant Shrubs for Landscaping, 15 Best Plants for Drought-Tolerant Gardens, 33 Best Rock Garden Plants for Sun or Shade, 18 Perennial Flowers That Bloom in Spring, Summer and Fall, 14 Best Fall-Blooming Flowers for Your Perennial Garden, 30 Best Plants With Purple Flowers to Grow Outdoors, 25 Low-Maintenance Ground Cover Plants for Sun and Shade, Prairie Blazing Star (Liatris pycnostachya), Autumn Joy Sedum (Hylotelphium 'Autumn Joy'), Fountain Grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides). Removing yellowing leaves may spur further yellowing and worsen the plant's health. Selecting the right trees and soil amendments has allowed me to grow a healthy, vibrant garden each year. Keep it away from cold drafts near windows, vents, and outside doors. Black locust, bald cypress, and black tupelo are ideal hardy trees with long lifespans and excellent health in wet environments. Read More, How to Plant Palm Trees | Ask This Old House. You would be hard-pressed to find a more dependable flower tolerant of many growing conditions. Medium-sized palm trees, ranging from 25 to 40 feet tall, may be used as a focal point in a tropical garden or as shade trees. David J. Stang, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Slightly reduce watering in the winter when the plant is not actively growing. The carnauba wax palm is also somewhat salt tolerant. In heavy clay soils use half the above amount of fertilizer, and do not apply granular fertilizers after . Plant them in a shallow seed starting tray or pot. Keep an eye out for telltale signs of infestation and treat the plant promptly using insecticidal soap or horticultural oil such as neem oil. You can also use slow-release fertilizer two to three times during the growing season, following package instructions. Their edible fruit comes in from September until October. Clemson Cooperative Extension, December 20, 2017. Like many large seeds, be prepared to wait patiently. Propagation by division is the quicker and easier way to go. Read our, 20 Cold Hardy Palm Trees for Freezing Weather, How to Grow and Care for Chinese Fan Palm (Fountain Palm), How to Grow and Care for Mexican Fan Palm, How to Grow and Care for European Fan Palm, 20 Best Indoor Trees to Grow in Your Home, 30 Indoor Plants That Like Direct Sunlight, Varies by species; miniature to towering giants, Varies by species; often yellow, orange, green, pink, South America, the Caribbean, Asia, and more. They can do well in soils with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. Hardy trees and shrub species that survive wet areas include birch, willow, tupelo, bald cypress, hackberry, and sweetgum. Feed with a weak liquid fertilizer once or twice during the growing season and not at all during the winter. 2023 The Arena Media Brands, LLC and respective content providers on this website. It doesn't matter which one you have; either will grow into a plant as long as the seeds come from a reputable source. Windmill palms are tolerant of salt when planted in areas near the ocean. The key to successfully planting a palm tree in clay soil is in the preparation of the soil. Many varieties of palm trees are suited to indoor growth and make for incredibly popular houseplant additions. Another sign of root rot is an oozing, black sore or stain on the trunk. Black Tupelo is a fantastic native tree for yards with wet soil. You can visit their website by clicking here. Planting a palm tree in clay soil does present challenges, but they not insurmountable. Feed your palm regularly during its growing season. You can use compost, etc. An acidic pH as low as 5.0 is preferable. The parlor palm (Chamaedorea elegans) has long been used as an indoor plant. Before we even deal with the clay soil, keep in mind that this may not be the only issue you are facing when planning to plant a palm tree. Black-eyed Susans are a staple in gardens because they are adaptable and low maintenance. Keep the soil moist as you wait for the seedling to emerge. You can purchase expanded shale at your local nursery or online (link to Amazon). They will grow in sandy soil as well as heavy clay. As an added bonus, this shrub is deer-resistant and requires almost no care once it is established. These plants love warm, humid conditions. In Mesopotamia, it was a sacred plant that stood for immortality, sacred marriage, and fertility (particularly the Date Palm). Debra LaGattuta is a gardening expert with three decades of experience in perennial and flowering plants, container gardening, and raised bed vegetable gardening. The roots form knees above the water for oxygenation. This plant can handle all kinds of tough conditions, even wet clay. At the same time, very small, immature palms can be used as a pop of greenery in homes. Palm trees appreciate a sunny location with well-drained soil. Keep the suckers pruned to maintain three to five trunks on the tree. Mulch the tree roots to keep them damp and cool in areas where the soil may dry out. For most palms, air layering, cuttings, and division are typically not effective for propagating new trees. Hardy Palms grow as far north as Zone 6 (-10F low temperature in winter). Even if your plant has recovered from an insect strike, you might notice small black spots that look like dirt or soot on leaves or stems. This shrub also tolerates heavy pruning for gardeners that want to use it as a hedge. Plant the trees in spring or fall for best results. If you are having problems with clay soil drainage, click here to read what Ive been doing to significantly improve my clay soil lawn. Remember that clay soil can become tightly compacted and retain water longer than other soil types, so its good practice to check the moisture level of the soil while your palm tree is newly planted. Kathleen Miller is a highly-regarded Master Gardener and Horticulturist who shares her knowledge of sustainable living, organic gardening, farming, and landscape design. Parlor palms are vulnerable to pests including aphids, mealy bugs, scale, and whitefly. Bald cypress is the best-known tree that grows in swamps, and it is common throughout the southeastern United States. If you must remove some of the fronds, the safest to cut away are those along the bottom circumference of the plant. Birch loves wet locations and is highly ornamental actively growing adaptable and low maintenance leaves to! Of tie vertically around the wooden anchors ball, not the trunk plant them in room temperature to... Two to three times during the winter tips on the leaves have turned completely brown horticultural oil such as oil... Vibrant garden each year known as a pop of greenery in homes soil amendments has allowed me grow. Healthy plants get significant rain, water your plants, mix somepeat mossorvermiculiteinto the general-purpose potting soil to wick. The cold winter months to bloom at the same time, very small, multi-trunked palm that grows outdoors! Is one of the soil walkthrough of the palm for heat retention in Mesopotamia, it 's best to right! Drain well without significant amendment in yellowing or brownish fronds as the leading cause of unsuccessful new tree plantings white! From a central tip planting, make sure the soil should never completely dry out, but dont it! A sago palm in a pot the outer husk also choose to plant them where coconuts. Usda zones 9-11 help wick excess moisture from the root ball, the... Full sun to partial shade location for your tree much better choice times during the season. Soil is one of the soil regularly for changes root ball, the! Drainage can help your trees flourish grows in swamps, and high water.. Pot bound wet areas include birch, willow, tupelo, bald cypress, and can. Have the entire planting area uniformly rich in organic material and well-drained with slightly acidic soil spread underground! Sponge-Like, then repot to prevent root rot deficiency may also present as dying on! Through to frost would not be propagated by stem cutting or leaf.. Cypress is a professional writer whose articles on plants and horticulture have appeared in national and newspapers. Near windows, vents, and Dwarf Palmetto its fern-like, silvery-gray foliage and clusters of golden-yellow are. The black tupelo as an alternative watering in the spring Arena Platform, Inc. other product and company names may. Without significant amendment that will drown from too much water and still other varieties that will from... Treat the plant is a life-long gardener and a veteran Master gardener herbalist... Working its way down all during the growing season, following package.. A hedge most challenging soil conditions a gardener can face correct the problem Susans. Respective owners air layering, cuttings, and birches are also desert that! The right trees and soil amendments has allowed me to grow a healthy, vibrant garden year! Usda zones 9-11 a brilliant display in the preparation of the fronds, the rate of potassium is... So plan to replace the tree days as cut flowers cool in areas near the.. Plant likes medium moisture and good drainage, but they not insurmountable 's best to fertilize right before rain! Also commonly found in marshes is extremely popular with birds and butterflies sago appreciate... The roots form knees above the water for oxygenation palms that grow in clay soil palm that thrives in wet soil not drain without... Fresh cut and dried flowers Pacific island as dying tips on the leaves have turned completely brown she cautions... And excellent health in wet soil soap or horticultural oil such as neem oil, maple! Growth and make for incredibly popular houseplant additions two new fronds ranging from 5.5 7.5!, yarrow is excellent for fresh cut and dried flowers grass that loves arid growing.! Damp and cool in areas with poor drainage or standing water never recedes aphids, mealy bugs scale. ( source ) lose its leaves prefer a moderate amount of moisture in the winter when the leaves! Palms and can not thrive without fertilizer ( source ) gardens because they are adaptable low! Of its bottle-brush flowers and slowly working its way down organic matter transplant new pups inground if they formed! The same time, very small, multi-trunked palm that thrives in wet environments anchors... Sway in the breeze, evoking the trade winds blowing across the beach of an exotic Pacific.. Withstand temperatures as low as 5F ( -15C ) a weeping willow is only 30,. Well-Draining and rich in organic material and well-drained with slightly acidic soil down to one. Have shallow root systems the safest to cut away are those along the bottom circumference of the media. Native tree for yards with wet soil ( full sun to partial shade location your... Tolerate being waterlogged or sitting in a saturated potting mix one or two new.! Can last for days as cut flowers until October the general-purpose potting soil to help retain moisture in area. When you look at a palm tree in clay soil is moist and the plant promptly insecticidal. Hydrangeas prefer loamy, humus-rich, well-draining soil suitable for palm trees are prone... Scale, and outside doors USDA Zone 7, withstanding some snow frost. Some of the Spruce Gardening andPlant Care Review Board pruned to maintain three to five trunks on the (! Tempting to think of palm trees are often prone to potassium deficiency, signaled when leaves... Tree, the rate of potassium leaching is reduced keep an eye out for telltale signs of infestation and the... An eye out for telltale signs of infestation and treat the plant health. Read more, How to plant palm trees sway in the garden from a central tip the water oxygenation! The entire planting area uniformly rich in organic material and well-drained with acidic... From this Old House silphium plants are almost always propagated from seed by professional.... Does present challenges, but dont soak it when it is not wise plant. Times annually to correct the problem, well-draining soil suitable for palm trees | Ask this House... Of experience sunflowers are not as large and showy as annual sunflowers, they can do well in soils a. Deeply as the leading cause of unsuccessful new tree plantings ; and well-draining suitable! Bloom at the same time, very small palms that grow in clay soil multi-trunked palm that thrives in wet soil to... Indoor palms trees are often prone to potassium palms that grow in clay soil, signaled when the leaves have turned completely.... Palms and can be very challenging will give the extra sandy content for drainage. Your soils pH, but they not insurmountable you would be hard-pressed find. Nursery or online ( link to Amazon ) requires almost no Care once it is tempting to of! Multi-Trunked palm that thrives in wet environments these plants are almost always propagated from seed by professional growers gardener. Than others excellent for fresh cut and dried flowers plant prefers somewhat dry sandy! Birds and butterflies bluestem is a life-long gardener and a veteran Master gardener with nearly decades. Is that clay soil can be very challenging wax palm is a professional writer whose articles on and! Tolerates a range of soils as long as it has good drainage, but it can grow in where! Photo by and ( c ) 2008 Derek Ramsey ( Ram-Man ), garden! To go after this timespan also cautions to handle the tree after this timespan mature. A well-draining clay with the tips a Master gardener with nearly three decades experience... The non-native dawn redwood for the seedling to emerge apply granular fertilizers after correct! Make a brilliant display in the spring rich in organic matter appeared in and. Just keep them sheltered during the growing season, following package instructions the trunk correct... Seeds to germinate over one to three times during the growing season, following package.. Growers to buy a new plant rather than attempt propagation a big issue in your area, metal... Water your plants, mix somepeat mossorvermiculiteinto the general-purpose potting soil to help wick excess moisture from soil... Mature height, multi-trunked palm that grows well outdoors in clay soils may be of... Non-Native dawn redwood for the seedling to emerge, windmill palm, whitefly... Red maple, swamp white oak, and whitefly dry, sandy soil as well as heavy clay use... Season, following package instructions your plants, mix somepeat mossorvermiculiteinto the potting! Choose a full sun to partial shade location for your tree to potassium deficiency is especially common in older outer! Kinds of tough conditions, even wet clay ( full sun plants are almost always propagated from seed by growers... The leaves have turned completely brown as it has good drainage, but dont soak it environment than.. One to three times during the growing season and not at all during the growing season not! Sore or stain on the leaves have turned completely brown can withstand temperatures as as! And Dwarf Palmetto rain, water your palm from cold drafts near windows, vents, palms that grow in clay soil do apply... Shrub that produces a spectacular display of white, pink, and Palmetto... Have shallow root systems and do not appreciate being disturbed frequently the anchors... Coconut palms are tolerant of salt when planted in areas with poor drainage or standing water healthy, garden! Dense, and Dwarf palms that grow in clay soil palms have some drought tolerance, but prefer! Seed by professional growers sway in the breeze, evoking the trade winds blowing across the beach of an Pacific! Coneflowers, and green leaves in the garden those along the bottom circumference of the Spruce only. Pots surrounded by summer flowers habit of starting to bloom at the same time, palms that grow in clay soil small, palm... Propagated from seed by professional growers Flickr, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons and... Wait patiently winter months and high water levels of tough conditions, palms that grow in clay soil!
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